01VRRP与HSRP技术全景对比
| VRRP(虚拟路由冗余协议) | HSRP(热备份路由协议) | |
| 标准 | IEEE标准(RFC 5789) | Cisco私有协议 |
| 虚拟MAC | 00-00-5E-00-01-{VRID} | 0000.0C07.AC{HSRP组号} |
| 默认优先级 | 100 | 100 |
| 抢占模式 | 关闭(默认) | 开启(默认) |
| 认证 | MD5/明文 | MD5/明文 |
| 多组支持 | 单设备支持255组 | 单设备支持16组 |
| 负载均衡 | 通过多VRRP组实现 | 通过MHSRP实现 |
02核心应用场景
1️⃣企业出口网关冗余

效果:主设备故障时,50ms内切换,用户无感知
2️⃣数据中心多活架构
跨机柜部署:
Spine交换机A -- VRRP组1 -- Leaf交换机集群Spine交换机B -- VRRP组2 -- Leaf交换机集群
优势:避免单点故障导致全网瘫痪
3️⃣多WAN负载均衡
配置技巧:
创建多个VRRP组,不同组的主设备分布在不同线路
结合策略路由实现流量分流
03技术原理深度剖析
1️⃣VRRP工作流程
选举Master:比较优先级 (最高者胜出,相同则比较IP大小)
状态维持:Master定期发Advertisement报文 (默认1秒)
故障检测:Backup在3倍Advertisement间隔未收到报文则发起选举
虚拟IP接管:Master持有虚拟IP并响应ARP请求
报文结构:

2️⃣HSRP特色机制
状态跟踪:可监控上行链路状态自动降权
interface Gig0/0standby 1 track Serial0/0/0 30# 链路故障时优先级减30
多组MHSRP:
interface Vlan10standby 1 ip 192.168.1.254standby 1 priority 110standby 2 ip 192.168.1.253standby 2 priority 90
04华为/思科双平台配置详解

1️⃣VRRP配置(华为设备)
# 基础配置interface Vlanif10ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254vrrp vrid 1 priority 120vrrp vrid 1 preempt-mode timer delay 20 # 抢占延迟20秒vrrp vrid 1 authentication-mode md5 Huawei@123# 高级监控vrrp vrid 1 track interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 reduced 30
2️⃣HSRP配置(思科设备)
interface Vlan10ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0standby version 2 # 启用HSRPv2standby 1 ip 192.168.1.254standby 1 priority 110standby 1 preemptstandby 1 authentication md5 key-string Cisco@123standby 1 track GigabitEthernet0/1 30
05故障排查命令大全
1️⃣华为VRRP诊断
display vrrp brief # 查看VRRP组状态display vrrp statistics # 统计报文收发情况debugging vrrp packet # 实时抓取VRRP报文
2️⃣思科HSRP诊断
show standby brief # 查看HSRP组摘要show standby internal # 显示内部计时器信息debug standby events # 跟踪状态切换事件
06生产环境最佳实践
优先级规划:
- 主设备:120-150
- 备用设备:90-110
- 默认优先级:100
计时器优化:
# 华为调整Advertisement间隔vrrp vrid 1 timer advertise 500 centiseconds
安全加固:
- 启用MD5认证防止恶意接管
- 限制VRRP报文源IP(ACL过滤)
多VLAN部署:
interface range Vlan10-20standby 1 ip 192.168.1.254standby 1 priority 110
07典型案例

本实验以ENSP环境为示例:
双vlan+vrrp组网方式配置详解
SW1:vlan batch 10 20 100#interface Vlanif10ip address 192.168.10.253 255.255.255.0vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.10.254vrrp vrid 1 priority 120vrrp vrid 1 preempt-mode timer delay 3vrrp vrid 1 track interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3#interface Vlanif20ip address 192.168.20.253 255.255.255.0vrrp vrid 2 virtual-ip 192.168.20.254vrrp vrid 2 priority 200#interface Vlanif100ip address 100.1.1.1 255.255.255.252#interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1description dT:LSW3-Eth0/0/2port link-type trunkport trunk allow-pass vlan 2 to 4094#interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2port link-type trunkport trunk allow-pass vlan 2 to 4094#interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3description uT:LSW4-GE0/0/1port link-type accessport default vlan 100#monitor-link group 1 #创建接口监控,如果0/0/3down掉,0/0/1也会down掉,方便切换port GigabitEthernet0/0/3 uplinkport GigabitEthernet0/0/1 downlink 1#ip route-static 3.3.3.0 255.255.255.0 100.1.1.2#
SW2:vlan batch 10 20 100 200#interface Vlanif10ip address 192.168.10.252 255.255.255.0vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.10.254vrrp vrid 1 priority 115#interface Vlanif20ip address 192.168.20.252 255.255.255.0vrrp vrid 2 virtual-ip 192.168.20.254vrrp vrid 2 priority 120vrrp vrid 2 preempt-mode timer delay 3vrrp vrid 2 track interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3#interface Vlanif200ip address 200.1.1.1 255.255.255.252#interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1description dT:LSW3-Eth0/0/3port link-type trunkport trunk allow-pass vlan 2 to 4094#interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2port link-type trunkport trunk allow-pass vlan 2 to 4094#interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3description uT:LSW4-GE0/0/2port link-type accessport default vlan 200#monitor-link group 1port GigabitEthernet0/0/3 uplinkport GigabitEthernet0/0/1 downlink 1#ip route-static 3.3.3.0 255.255.255.0 200.1.1.2#
SW3:vlan batch 10 20#interface Ethernet0/0/1port link-type accessport default vlan 10#interface Ethernet0/0/2port link-type trunkport trunk allow-pass vlan 2 to 4094#interface Ethernet0/0/3port link-type trunkport trunk allow-pass vlan 2 to 4094#interface Ethernet0/0/4port link-type accessport default vlan 20
SW4:vlan batch 100 200 300#interface Vlanif100ip address 100.1.1.2 255.255.255.252#interface Vlanif200ip address 200.1.1.2 255.255.255.252#interface Vlanif300ip address 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.0#interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1port link-type accessport default vlan 100#interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2port link-type accessport default vlan 200#interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3port link-type accessport default vlan 300#ip route-static 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 100.1.1.1ip route-static 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 200.1.1.1 preference 110ip route-static 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 100.1.1.1ip route-static 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 200.1.1.1 preference 90#
#️⃣配置完后,由于SW1为master,访问右侧PC-3.3.3.10时,路径为走SW1通过去访问目标。

#️⃣Down掉SW1的上行口后,master切换至下面,通过SW2的路径到达目标PC。


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